Palatal lateral approximant

Palatal lateral approximant

ʎ

Image

IPA number 157

Encoding

Entity (decimal) ʎ

Unicode (hex) U+028E

X-SAMPA L

Kirshenbaum l^

Sound

The palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨y⟩ (not to be confused with lowercase lambda, ⟨λ⟩), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.

Contents

1 Features
2 Occurrence
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography

Features

Features of the palatal lateral approximant:

Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aymara		llaki	[ʎaki]	'sad'
Basque		bonbilla	[bombiʎa]	'bulb'
Catalan^[1]		ull	[ˈuʎ]	'eye'	Alveolo-palatal. See Catalan phonology
Enindhilyagwa		angalya	[aŋaʎa]	'place'
Faroese		fylgja	[fɪʎd͡ʒa]	'to follow'
Franco-Provençal		balyi	[baʎi]	'give'
Galician		ollo	[ˈoʎo]	'eye'	Many Galician speakers are nowadays yeístas because of influence from Spanish.
Greek		λιακάδα/lyakádha	[ʎaˈkaða]	'sunshine'	See Modern Greek phonology.
Hungarian	Northern dialects^[2]	lyuk	[ˈʎuk]	'hole'	Modern standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish yeísmo, merging the old phoneme of "ly" into that of "j". See Hungarian ly.
Italian^[3]		figlio	[ˈfiʎːo]	'son'	See Italian phonology.
Korean		실례/sillye	[ɕilʎe]	'discourtesy'	Alveolo-palatal. See Korean phonology
Leonese		llibru	[ˈʎiβɾu]	'book'
Macedonian		љубов	[ʎubov]	'love'	See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian	Northern and central dialects^[4]	alle	[ɑʎːe]	'all'	See Norwegian phonology.
Portuguese^[5]		olho	[ˈoʎu]	'eye'	See Portuguese phonology.
Occitan		miralhar	[miraˈʎa]	'to reflect'
Occitan	Gascon	hilh	[hiʎ]	'son'
Quechua^[6]		qallu	[qaʎu]	'tongue'
Scottish Gaelic^[7]		till	[tʲʰiːʎ]	'return'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian		љуљaшка/ljuljaška	[ʎǔʎaːʃka]	'swing (seat)'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sissano		piyl	[piʎ]	'fish'
Slovak		ľúbiť	[ˈʎuːbɪc]	'to love'
Spanish^[8]		millón	[miˈʎo̞n]	'million'	For most speakers this sound has merged with /ʝ/, a phenomenon called yeísmo. See Spanish phonology.
Ukrainian		ліс	[ʎis]	'forest'	See Ukrainian phonology

See also

References

^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
^ BENKŐ Loránd; IMRE Samu (ed.): The Hungarian Language. Janua Linguarum, Series Practica, No. 134. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter (1972).
^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^ Skjekkeland (1997:105–107)
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
^ Ladefoged (2005:149)
^ Oftedal, M. (1956) The Gaelic of Leurbost. Olso. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)

Bibliography

Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)

International Phonetic Alphabet

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IPA	International Phonetic Association · History of the IPA · Kiel convention (1989) · Journal of the IPA (JIPA) · Naming conventions

Phonetics	Diacritics · Segments · Tone letter · Place of articulation · Manner of articulation

Special topics	Extensions to the IPA · Obsolete and nonstandard symbols · IPA chart for English dialects

Encodings	SAMPA · X-SAMPA · Conlang X-SAMPA · Kirshenbaum · TIPA · Phonetic symbols in Unicode · WorldBet

IPA pulmonic consonants chartchart image • audio

Place →

я *

ʎ

**Non-pulmonic consonants**
Clicks	ʘ	ǀ	ǃ		ǂ		ǁ
Implosives	ɓ	ɗ	ʄ	ᶑ	ɠ		ʛ
Ejectives	pʼ	tʼ	cʼ	ʈʼ	kʼ		qʼ
	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ɬʼ	xʼ		χʼ
	tsʼ	tɬʼ	cʎ̝̥ʼ	tʃʼ	ʈʂʼ	kxʼ	kʟ̝̊ʼ

**Affricates**
p̪f	b̪v	ts	dz	tʃ	dʒ	tɕ	dʑ	ʈʂ	ɖʐ
		tɬ	dɮ	cç	ɟʝ	cʎ̥˔		kʟ̝̊

**Co-articulated consonants**
Fricatives	ɕ	ʑ	ɧ
Approximants	ʍ	w	ɥ	ɫ
Stops	k͡p	ɡ͡b	ŋ͡m

These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]

Where symbols appear in pairs, left—right represent the voiceless—voiced consonants.

Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible.

* Symbol not defined in IPA.

Chart image

Pulmonics · Non-pulmonics · Affricates · Co-articulated

•iy

•ɯu

•ʊ

•eø

•ɤo

•æ

•aɶ

•ä

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